The Omaha Public School (OPS) Indoor Air Quality Program takes a comprehensive approach achieving and maintaining good indoor air quality.  All members of the Indoor Air Quality response team understand the influence good indoor air quality plays in the overall well being and performance of staff and students.  OPS seeks to control asthma triggers as well as toxic and potentially harmful materials.  Toxic and potentially harmful materials include all traditional environmental concerns such as asbestos, radon, lead, and chemical exposure. 

 

Several steps are taken in the buildings to ensure good indoor air quality.  Proper and routine cleaning is probably the most significant step that can be taken to control airborne concentrations of particulate that can cause respiratory irritation.  Buildings are furnished with entry mats to cut down on the amount of dirt and debris carried in from outdoors.  All secondary and a large number of elementary school buildings are finished with hard surface flooring in high traffic areas such as hallways and cafeterias, for ease of cleaning.  Carpet is generally restricted for use in traditional instructional classrooms, administrative areas and media centers. 

 

Cleaning products used in the buildings are one potential source of many different chemical compounds including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.  Cleaning products used in the district are reviewed for toxic properties prior to purchase. 

 

Another important step in achieving good indoor air quality is the control of water.  Interior mold growth, insect and mammal pest populations can be significantly influenced by controlling available water.  Priority is given by Maintenance personnel when responding to work requests involving water from an uncontrolled source.   Water control also influences some decisions made during original construction and remodeling projects.   Hard surface flooring, known as wet areas, are installed around drinking fountains and sinks whenever possible.   

The Omaha Public School (OPS) Indoor Air Quality Program takes a comprehensive approach achieving and maintaining good indoor air quality.  All members of the Indoor Air Quality response team understand the influence good indoor air quality plays in the overall well being and performance of staff and students.  OPS seeks to control asthma triggers as well as toxic and potentially harmful materials.  Toxic and potentially harmful materials include all traditional environmental concerns such as asbestos, radon, lead, and chemical exposure. 

 

Several steps are taken in the buildings to ensure good indoor air quality.  Proper and routine cleaning is probably the most significant step that can be taken to control airborne concentrations of particulate that can cause respiratory irritation.  Buildings are furnished with entry mats to cut down on the amount of dirt and debris carried in from outdoors.  All secondary and a large number of elementary school buildings are finished with hard surface flooring in high traffic areas such as hallways and cafeterias, for ease of cleaning.  Carpet is generally restricted for use in traditional instructional classrooms, administrative areas and media centers. 

 

Cleaning products used in the buildings are one potential source of many different chemical compounds including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.  Cleaning products used in the district are reviewed for toxic properties prior to purchase. 

 

Another important step in achieving good indoor air quality is the control of water.  Interior mold growth, insect and mammal pest populations can be significantly influenced by controlling available water.  Priority is given by Maintenance personnel when responding to work requests involving water from an uncontrolled source.   Water control also influences some decisions made during original construction and remodeling projects.   Hard surface flooring, known as wet areas, are installed around drinking fountains and sinks whenever possible.   

Proper operation and maintenance of the ventilation system is critical to maintaining a good indoor air quality. Building engineers and custodial staff are the most important link in developing and maintaining good indoor air quality. Custodial staff is instructed to inspect all areas of the building on a monthly basis. In this way, many potential problems may be identified before they become an issue. Custodial staff is also responsible for changing filters on air handling units quarterly. More frequent filter changing may be needed for those buildings located near groves of cottonwood trees or other plants that use airborne seed distribution.

Whenever an indoor air quality concern is received, the particulars of the ventilation system are studied. Information concerning the type of system, the air handling units and the corresponding service areas, the location of the outdoor air intakes, the condition and changing schedule of the filters is invaluable to determining the potential source of a problem. OPS heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) technicians provide crucial technical support to determine the proper operation of the ventilation system. Their contribution to maintaining or improving indoor air quality is invaluable. Often times, these technicians recommend upgrades or retrofit systems to achieve ventilation rates and air quality in line with the current American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Ventilation Standard. OPS technicians have made several positive improvements to HVAC systems such as replacing interior duct insulation with exterior duct insulation. OPS HVAC techs have upgraded filters with a 6% efficiency rating to pleated filters with a 30% efficiency rating.

Of course, OPS personnel are limited by the successful design of the ventilation system. Architects and Mechanical Engineers meet with OPS staff before building design begins. Close adherence to the ASHRAE Ventilation Standard is important. Issues considered by the design team include the placement of outdoor air intakes: preferably away from loading docks, refuse containers, student drop off lanes, dedicated exhaust systems in office spaces that have heavy risograph or copier requirements, interior relative humidity control, and temperature control.

Proper operation and maintenance of the ventilation system is critical to maintaining a good indoor air quality. Building engineers and custodial staff are the most important link in developing and maintaining good indoor air quality. Custodial staff is instructed to inspect all areas of the building on a monthly basis. In this way, many potential problems may be identified before they become an issue. Custodial staff is also responsible for changing filters on air handling units quarterly. More frequent filter changing may be needed for those buildings located near groves of cottonwood trees or other plants that use airborne seed distribution.

Whenever an indoor air quality concern is received, the particulars of the ventilation system are studied. Information concerning the type of system, the air handling units and the corresponding service areas, the location of the outdoor air intakes, the condition and changing schedule of the filters is invaluable to determining the potential source of a problem. OPS heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) technicians provide crucial technical support to determine the proper operation of the ventilation system. Their contribution to maintaining or improving indoor air quality is invaluable. Often times, these technicians recommend upgrades or retrofit systems to achieve ventilation rates and air quality in line with the current American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Ventilation Standard. OPS technicians have made several positive improvements to HVAC systems such as replacing interior duct insulation with exterior duct insulation. OPS HVAC techs have upgraded filters with a 6% efficiency rating to pleated filters with a 30% efficiency rating.

Of course, OPS personnel are limited by the successful design of the ventilation system. Architects and Mechanical Engineers meet with OPS staff before building design begins. Close adherence to the ASHRAE Ventilation Standard is important. Issues considered by the design team include the placement of outdoor air intakes: preferably away from loading docks, refuse containers, student drop off lanes, dedicated exhaust systems in office spaces that have heavy risograph or copier requirements, interior relative humidity control, and temperature control.

The number of asthma attacks can be greatly reduced by eliminating as much as possible, known asthma triggers.  Not all asthma triggers are easily controlled, but several can be.  Those triggers that are closely related to allergy-triggered asthma are easier to control in a building than cold-weather or exercise induced asthma.  Second hand smoke, pollen and mold spores, dust mites, cockroaches, and animal dander are major asthma triggers identified by the Environmental Protection Agency that can be controlled by taking a few steps.

 

Second Hand Smoke

 

No student or staff of OPS is exposed to second hand smoke in or around OPS property.  OPS has maintained a strict “No Smoking” policy on district property, both buildings and grounds, since 1994.  No smoking is allowed by staff, visitors or contractors throughout the year regardless of the presence of students in either the building or on school district property.   No smoking is allowed in any OPS vehicle including those used for student transportation, delivery or maintenance.  

 

Pollen and Mold Spores

 

Maintaining a regular schedule for changing filters is necessary to improve or maintain good indoor air quality.  Pollen and mold spores are found in the outdoor air throughout most of the year.  Filters are not able to remove all pollen or spores but will greatly reduce the number of each drawn into the building. 

 

Infrequent air filter changing causes the filtering material to become overloaded, fall from its position and allow outdoor air to by-pass filtration and enter into the building unfiltered. Since most pollen and mold spores inside are drawn into the building via the ventilation system, a properly maintained filtration is important.  Most pollen spores responsible for allergic reactions

Pollen and Mold Spores (continued)

 

are those from grasses, weeds and trees.  Allergic responses to flowers are not common since flower pollen is usually heavy and waxy, not likely to become airborne.

 

Most mold spores detected indoors are drawn into the building through the outdoor air intake and escape capture in the filter media.  By collecting and comparing data from air samples collected inside and outside the building, the possible source of the airborne mold spores can be determined.   If the indoor air sample contains mold spores from a genus not identified in the outdoor sample, the mold colony producing the spores is presumed to be growing indoors.  Likewise, an indoor concentration of a particular mold spore found at levels greater than concentrations detected outdoors indicates an amplification of mold spores (presumably from growth) generating from inside the building.  Care must be taken when relying on this data alone to justify remediation projects. 

 

Mold growth inside the building is usually the result of a water leak.  Whenever water stains or leaks are observed they are to be reported immediately.  Building engineer/custodial staff and maintenance work together to determine the potential source and initiate repairs.  Water stains can indicate leaking pipes, leaking roofs, or dripping condensation from water lines.  Many occupant activities can create incidental water pooling or concentrations sufficient enough to allow mold spores to germinate and grow.  Lawn and garden sprinkler systems have also been found to contribute to this issue when water is sprayed against the building finding pathways through the building exterior if the moisture barrier is improperly placed or omitted in design.

 

Although most mold species require the presence of liquid water for a minimum of 48 hours, some species do not require liquid water to germinate.  For example, certain species of Aspergillus require very little water and can grow in conditions that are too dry for other molds.  Controlling relative humidity in buildings between 30 – 60% will help limit the opportunity for mold to germinate and grow.   

 

Since mold spores are always present in the air (though greatly reduced in winter) wetted materials need to be dried within 48 hours.  This timeline is critical to help prevent germination of mold spores. Water damaged soft surface materials, such as paper, stuffed animals, upholstered furniture and carpet, may not be salvageable even if it is dried within the 48 hour time.  Any soft materials that have been wet for 48 hours or greater should be discarded.  (Refer to Appendix A).  

 

Potted plants can contribute to mold spore concentrations indoors although the overall amount is generally negligible.  Potted plant soil should be inspected for signs of mold growth when watering.  Also, plant surfaces can harbor molds that are visible as rust or sore spots on the host.  However, these molds are generally pathogenic only the to plant and not to humans.  Since Omaha is located in a predominately agricultural based ecosystem, a low concentration of plant pathogens spores in air samples is not uncommon. 

 

Dust Mites

 

Proteins generated by dust mite fecal material and body fragments are the cause of dust mite allergies.  These protein pieces are components of general house dust becoming airborne when

Dust Mites (continued)

 

disturbed, inhaled and can cause an allergic reaction of the mucous membranes or respiratory system in sensitive individuals.    

 

An increase in the dust mite population in occupied buildings is often associated with increased humidity.  One study suggests that dust mite populations are close to eliminated when the relative humidity is 60% or lower.  Dust mites do not drink liquid water, but absorb water from the air and food particles.  Dust mites thrive in environments that are warm (75-80 degrees Fahrenheit), humid (70-80% r.h.) and close to a source of food such as shed human skin cells, pollens, mold spores, bacteria and animal dander.  

 

Since one human can shed approximately 1/5 of an ounce of skin cells each week any fibrous surfaces in areas where people congregate needs regular cleaning to control the population of this asthma trigger.  Regular vacuuming and dusting will help limit the availability of skin cells, keep the dust mite population in check.  Particular attention is needed when cleaning such surfaces as carpet, upholstered furniture, and bed linens.  There has not been any proof that dust mites actually live in ventilation duct work.  In extreme cases the proteins of the dust mite may be in sufficient concentration to become collected in the duct work. 

 

Cockroaches

 

Just like dust mites, the proteins from excrement and released from the degradation of cockroach body parts can elicit an allergic response or an asthmatic reaction in some individuals. Cockroach population control depends on a number of factors including limiting the availability of water, food and shelter.  Cockroaches do not require a lot of water but may come into a building in search of it.  They are frequently found in areas where water is found such as bathrooms, kitchens, pipe chases, pipe tunnels, etc.  Water condenses wherever moist humid air comes in contact with a cooler surface.  Condensate on pipes or from an air conditioner is sufficient to support a cockroach.  Some species of cockroach get enough water from food that they can survive for long periods of time without liquid water.  Potted plants can also supply water to cockroaches.  A layer of pebbles on the surface of the soil can help prevent this from happening.

 

Food is also critical for cockroach survival.  Even small food crumbs can be a feast for these bugs.  All food, including that found in classrooms, should be sealed in air tight containers to prevent access to the contents.  Cockroaches are also fond of grease and can obtain enough food from grease spots to be sustaining.  However, cockroaches are most attracted to protein as a food source.  Nail clippings, hair, fur, skin cells from humans, animals, other insects or their parts are invitations for cockroaches.  Again, frequent cleaning is important to remove their food source and help control these pests. 

 

Cockroaches like to live in small spaces so that their back and legs are in contact with a solid surface.  Tight spaces such as those found in cardboard, hollow legs and hollow cabinet doors are perfect shelter for roaches.  Boxes stored in closets, basements or crawlspaces, not only create a

fire issue but provides a perfect habitat for cockroaches.  Cockroaches generally live within 15 to

25 feet of their nest.  Individual roaches may stray farther than that in search of food or water.  If none is found, it will simply move on. 

Cockroaches (continues)

 

Since cockroaches hunt for food so close to their nest, roach sightings including location need to be noted.  Repeated sightings of young cockroaches are a good indicator of a nearby nest.  Young cockroaches don’t stray as far from the nest as an adult does and will usually limit it’s exploration to a range of 5 to 15 feet. 

 

Cockroaches are also thought to be attracted to electro-magnetic fields (EMF) such as those generated by electrical equipment.  Care should be taken to check all potential sources of EMF in sighting areas during a pest inspection.  Particulars concerning pest control can be found in the OPS Integrated Pest Management Plan.  Contact OPS Environmental for more details.

 

Animal Dander

 

Total elimination of animal dander is virtually impossible as any occupant or visitor to the building can carry animal dander from their home on their clothing.  This unlikely introduction of animal dander has been thought to be significant enough to cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.  

 

Housing animals in classrooms is not encouraged but is not against district policy.  Before pets are allowed in a classroom, each student or staff member should be questioned concerning their known allergies or asthma triggers.  Classroom pets should be kept in cages and in spaces away from air flow.  Under no circumstances are pet cages be placed on wall units that supply air to the room.  Make a note of the air flow in the room and keep animal cages out of the supply and return air streams.  Animal dander can be introduced to areas well beyond that classroom.

 

Regular cleaning of pet cages is a necessary part of controlling insect pests.  Cleaning should be performed only by those persons with no sensitivities to animal dander and during unoccupied hours.  Areas around the cage and where the cage was cleaned need to be cleaned also.  Food for classroom pets needs to be kept in tough air tight containers such as jars with screw lids or heavy plastic containers with air tight fitted lids to prevent access by insects including cockroaches.   Even fish food that is very high in protein content can attract different insects. 

 

Diesel Exhaust

 

In the past few years the apparent effects of exposure to diesel fumes in relation to the onset of asthma has become an issue.  Researchers speculate the fine particulate generated from diesel generated vehicles may reach the smallest recesses of the lungs and trigger asthma attacks or other respiratory problems.

 

OPS is currently in the process of installing diesel oxidation catalytic converters (DOC) on all student busses transported by the district.  This project is scheduled to be completed during the summer of 2006, at least one year ahead of schedule.  In addition, the district now purchases biodiesel fuel which is expected to further cut the emissions rate. 

 

OPS drivers are trained annually and expected to comply with the district’s no-idling policy.   Bus drivers are not allowed to “warm-up” diesel busses for more than five minutes and must shut off the engine when waiting for students before and after school.   

The number of asthma attacks can be greatly reduced by eliminating as much as possible, known asthma triggers.  Not all asthma triggers are easily controlled, but several can be.  Those triggers that are closely related to allergy-triggered asthma are easier to control in a building than cold-weather or exercise induced asthma.  Second hand smoke, pollen and mold spores, dust mites, cockroaches, and animal dander are major asthma triggers identified by the Environmental Protection Agency that can be controlled by taking a few steps.

 

Second Hand Smoke

 

No student or staff of OPS is exposed to second hand smoke in or around OPS property.  OPS has maintained a strict “No Smoking” policy on district property, both buildings and grounds, since 1994.  No smoking is allowed by staff, visitors or contractors throughout the year regardless of the presence of students in either the building or on school district property.   No smoking is allowed in any OPS vehicle including those used for student transportation, delivery or maintenance.  

 

Pollen and Mold Spores

 

Maintaining a regular schedule for changing filters is necessary to improve or maintain good indoor air quality.  Pollen and mold spores are found in the outdoor air throughout most of the year.  Filters are not able to remove all pollen or spores but will greatly reduce the number of each drawn into the building. 

 

Infrequent air filter changing causes the filtering material to become overloaded, fall from its position and allow outdoor air to by-pass filtration and enter into the building unfiltered. Since most pollen and mold spores inside are drawn into the building via the ventilation system, a properly maintained filtration is important.  Most pollen spores responsible for allergic reactions

Pollen and Mold Spores (continued)

 

are those from grasses, weeds and trees.  Allergic responses to flowers are not common since flower pollen is usually heavy and waxy, not likely to become airborne.

 

Most mold spores detected indoors are drawn into the building through the outdoor air intake and escape capture in the filter media.  By collecting and comparing data from air samples collected inside and outside the building, the possible source of the airborne mold spores can be determined.   If the indoor air sample contains mold spores from a genus not identified in the outdoor sample, the mold colony producing the spores is presumed to be growing indoors.  Likewise, an indoor concentration of a particular mold spore found at levels greater than concentrations detected outdoors indicates an amplification of mold spores (presumably from growth) generating from inside the building.  Care must be taken when relying on this data alone to justify remediation projects. 

 

Mold growth inside the building is usually the result of a water leak.  Whenever water stains or leaks are observed they are to be reported immediately.  Building engineer/custodial staff and maintenance work together to determine the potential source and initiate repairs.  Water stains can indicate leaking pipes, leaking roofs, or dripping condensation from water lines.  Many occupant activities can create incidental water pooling or concentrations sufficient enough to allow mold spores to germinate and grow.  Lawn and garden sprinkler systems have also been found to contribute to this issue when water is sprayed against the building finding pathways through the building exterior if the moisture barrier is improperly placed or omitted in design.

 

Although most mold species require the presence of liquid water for a minimum of 48 hours, some species do not require liquid water to germinate.  For example, certain species of Aspergillus require very little water and can grow in conditions that are too dry for other molds.  Controlling relative humidity in buildings between 30 – 60% will help limit the opportunity for mold to germinate and grow.   

 

Since mold spores are always present in the air (though greatly reduced in winter) wetted materials need to be dried within 48 hours.  This timeline is critical to help prevent germination of mold spores. Water damaged soft surface materials, such as paper, stuffed animals, upholstered furniture and carpet, may not be salvageable even if it is dried within the 48 hour time.  Any soft materials that have been wet for 48 hours or greater should be discarded.  (Refer to Appendix A).  

 

Potted plants can contribute to mold spore concentrations indoors although the overall amount is generally negligible.  Potted plant soil should be inspected for signs of mold growth when watering.  Also, plant surfaces can harbor molds that are visible as rust or sore spots on the host.  However, these molds are generally pathogenic only the to plant and not to humans.  Since Omaha is located in a predominately agricultural based ecosystem, a low concentration of plant pathogens spores in air samples is not uncommon. 

 

Dust Mites

 

Proteins generated by dust mite fecal material and body fragments are the cause of dust mite allergies.  These protein pieces are components of general house dust becoming airborne when

Dust Mites (continued)

 

disturbed, inhaled and can cause an allergic reaction of the mucous membranes or respiratory system in sensitive individuals.    

 

An increase in the dust mite population in occupied buildings is often associated with increased humidity.  One study suggests that dust mite populations are close to eliminated when the relative humidity is 60% or lower.  Dust mites do not drink liquid water, but absorb water from the air and food particles.  Dust mites thrive in environments that are warm (75-80 degrees Fahrenheit), humid (70-80% r.h.) and close to a source of food such as shed human skin cells, pollens, mold spores, bacteria and animal dander.  

 

Since one human can shed approximately 1/5 of an ounce of skin cells each week any fibrous surfaces in areas where people congregate needs regular cleaning to control the population of this asthma trigger.  Regular vacuuming and dusting will help limit the availability of skin cells, keep the dust mite population in check.  Particular attention is needed when cleaning such surfaces as carpet, upholstered furniture, and bed linens.  There has not been any proof that dust mites actually live in ventilation duct work.  In extreme cases the proteins of the dust mite may be in sufficient concentration to become collected in the duct work. 

 

Cockroaches

 

Just like dust mites, the proteins from excrement and released from the degradation of cockroach body parts can elicit an allergic response or an asthmatic reaction in some individuals. Cockroach population control depends on a number of factors including limiting the availability of water, food and shelter.  Cockroaches do not require a lot of water but may come into a building in search of it.  They are frequently found in areas where water is found such as bathrooms, kitchens, pipe chases, pipe tunnels, etc.  Water condenses wherever moist humid air comes in contact with a cooler surface.  Condensate on pipes or from an air conditioner is sufficient to support a cockroach.  Some species of cockroach get enough water from food that they can survive for long periods of time without liquid water.  Potted plants can also supply water to cockroaches.  A layer of pebbles on the surface of the soil can help prevent this from happening.

 

Food is also critical for cockroach survival.  Even small food crumbs can be a feast for these bugs.  All food, including that found in classrooms, should be sealed in air tight containers to prevent access to the contents.  Cockroaches are also fond of grease and can obtain enough food from grease spots to be sustaining.  However, cockroaches are most attracted to protein as a food source.  Nail clippings, hair, fur, skin cells from humans, animals, other insects or their parts are invitations for cockroaches.  Again, frequent cleaning is important to remove their food source and help control these pests. 

 

Cockroaches like to live in small spaces so that their back and legs are in contact with a solid surface.  Tight spaces such as those found in cardboard, hollow legs and hollow cabinet doors are perfect shelter for roaches.  Boxes stored in closets, basements or crawlspaces, not only create a

fire issue but provides a perfect habitat for cockroaches.  Cockroaches generally live within 15 to

25 feet of their nest.  Individual roaches may stray farther than that in search of food or water.  If none is found, it will simply move on. 

Cockroaches (continues)

 

Since cockroaches hunt for food so close to their nest, roach sightings including location need to be noted.  Repeated sightings of young cockroaches are a good indicator of a nearby nest.  Young cockroaches don’t stray as far from the nest as an adult does and will usually limit it’s exploration to a range of 5 to 15 feet. 

 

Cockroaches are also thought to be attracted to electro-magnetic fields (EMF) such as those generated by electrical equipment.  Care should be taken to check all potential sources of EMF in sighting areas during a pest inspection.  Particulars concerning pest control can be found in the OPS Integrated Pest Management Plan.  Contact OPS Environmental for more details.

 

Animal Dander

 

Total elimination of animal dander is virtually impossible as any occupant or visitor to the building can carry animal dander from their home on their clothing.  This unlikely introduction of animal dander has been thought to be significant enough to cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.  

 

Housing animals in classrooms is not encouraged but is not against district policy.  Before pets are allowed in a classroom, each student or staff member should be questioned concerning their known allergies or asthma triggers.  Classroom pets should be kept in cages and in spaces away from air flow.  Under no circumstances are pet cages be placed on wall units that supply air to the room.  Make a note of the air flow in the room and keep animal cages out of the supply and return air streams.  Animal dander can be introduced to areas well beyond that classroom.

 

Regular cleaning of pet cages is a necessary part of controlling insect pests.  Cleaning should be performed only by those persons with no sensitivities to animal dander and during unoccupied hours.  Areas around the cage and where the cage was cleaned need to be cleaned also.  Food for classroom pets needs to be kept in tough air tight containers such as jars with screw lids or heavy plastic containers with air tight fitted lids to prevent access by insects including cockroaches.   Even fish food that is very high in protein content can attract different insects. 

 

Diesel Exhaust

 

In the past few years the apparent effects of exposure to diesel fumes in relation to the onset of asthma has become an issue.  Researchers speculate the fine particulate generated from diesel generated vehicles may reach the smallest recesses of the lungs and trigger asthma attacks or other respiratory problems.

 

OPS is currently in the process of installing diesel oxidation catalytic converters (DOC) on all student busses transported by the district.  This project is scheduled to be completed during the summer of 2006, at least one year ahead of schedule.  In addition, the district now purchases biodiesel fuel which is expected to further cut the emissions rate. 

 

OPS drivers are trained annually and expected to comply with the district’s no-idling policy.   Bus drivers are not allowed to “warm-up” diesel busses for more than five minutes and must shut off the engine when waiting for students before and after school.   

Asbestos

Asbestos management is governed by the EPA Asbestos Hazard Response Act (AHERA) regulations.  All school buildings owned or rented by OPS for instructional or support purposes are inspected for the presence of asbestos.  This information along with the condition of the material and its potential for disturbance is incorporated into a management plan.  All OPS Environmental staff has been trained by EPA approved training providers as AHERA Inspector and Management Planners.  OPS Environmental staff performs all 6-month periodic surveillance inspections. 

All asbestos abatement projects are conducted by properly trained and licensed contractors.  An independent third party consulting firm is hired to monitor the activities of the contractor on behalf of the school district.  In addition, several members of the Environmental staff are trained and licensed as an Asbestos Supervisor, thus qualified to respond to emergency asbestos spills or small-scale, short duration projects.

Whenever possible, asbestos abatement projects are not performed when the building is occupied.  In these cases only non-friable asbestos is allow to be removed during regular school hours with all engineering controls in place.  Additional air monitoring samples are collected from all sides of the containment to monitor for a breach in the containment.  Friable asbestos abatement is conducted during scheduled breaks, such as winter, spring or summer breaks.  If the abatement of friable material is critical, such as the result of a major disturbance, such project will be allowed after hours when students are not present.  Again extra air monitoring is required.

Lead Management

The OPS Lead program originally tested for lead in water in cooperation with the local water and gas utility.  In 1995 OPS started collecting soil samples from elementary playgrounds from schools built prior to 1980.  Based on concentrations of lead in soil collected from the yards of private residences, EPA Region VII declared most of northeastern Omaha a Superfund site in 2000.  This area includes several OPS schools.  Additional soil samples were collected from the elementary playground, the general yard area, parking area between the sidewalk and street and the drip line around the building.  The second round of soil sampling was performed at all schools located within the Super Fund Boundaries regardless of the date of construction, since the lead contamination is thought to be the result of migrating airborne particles from industrial sites.  Plans are to continue soil testing on all OPS school properties throughout the city.

Several high schools offer ROTC programs that include firing ranges.  Most of the firing ranges used a system of baffles to slow the velocity of bullets that were eventually deposited in sand filled troughs at the base.  All of the sand in these firing ranges was removed, treated as hazardous waste and refilled with clean sand.

Radon

The Great Plains area of the United States is well known for the frequency of radon concentrations above 4 Pico curies per liter of air (PiC/L).  However, locally its rare to find radon concentrations above 10 PiC/L. Radon testing was performed in according to EPA protocol in OPS buildings prior to 1990.  Additional testing is needed to determine the radon concentration in newly remodeled or constructed buildings.  Anytime the ventilation patterns in a building are altered that change in air flow can affect the radon concentration requiring additional radon testing in those areas.  OPS Environmental staff has received training to satisfy the requirements of the Radon Measurement Proficiency Program. 

Asbestos

Asbestos management is governed by the EPA Asbestos Hazard Response Act (AHERA) regulations.  All school buildings owned or rented by OPS for instructional or support purposes are inspected for the presence of asbestos.  This information along with the condition of the material and its potential for disturbance is incorporated into a management plan.  All OPS Environmental staff has been trained by EPA approved training providers as AHERA Inspector and Management Planners.  OPS Environmental staff performs all 6-month periodic surveillance inspections. 

All asbestos abatement projects are conducted by properly trained and licensed contractors.  An independent third party consulting firm is hired to monitor the activities of the contractor on behalf of the school district.  In addition, several members of the Environmental staff are trained and licensed as an Asbestos Supervisor, thus qualified to respond to emergency asbestos spills or small-scale, short duration projects.

Whenever possible, asbestos abatement projects are not performed when the building is occupied.  In these cases only non-friable asbestos is allow to be removed during regular school hours with all engineering controls in place.  Additional air monitoring samples are collected from all sides of the containment to monitor for a breach in the containment.  Friable asbestos abatement is conducted during scheduled breaks, such as winter, spring or summer breaks.  If the abatement of friable material is critical, such as the result of a major disturbance, such project will be allowed after hours when students are not present.  Again extra air monitoring is required.

Lead Management

The OPS Lead program originally tested for lead in water in cooperation with the local water and gas utility.  In 1995 OPS started collecting soil samples from elementary playgrounds from schools built prior to 1980.  Based on concentrations of lead in soil collected from the yards of private residences, EPA Region VII declared most of northeastern Omaha a Superfund site in 2000.  This area includes several OPS schools.  Additional soil samples were collected from the elementary playground, the general yard area, parking area between the sidewalk and street and the drip line around the building.  The second round of soil sampling was performed at all schools located within the Super Fund Boundaries regardless of the date of construction, since the lead contamination is thought to be the result of migrating airborne particles from industrial sites.  Plans are to continue soil testing on all OPS school properties throughout the city.

Several high schools offer ROTC programs that include firing ranges.  Most of the firing ranges used a system of baffles to slow the velocity of bullets that were eventually deposited in sand filled troughs at the base.  All of the sand in these firing ranges was removed, treated as hazardous waste and refilled with clean sand.

Radon

The Great Plains area of the United States is well known for the frequency of radon concentrations above 4 Pico curies per liter of air (PiC/L).  However, locally its rare to find radon concentrations above 10 PiC/L. Radon testing was performed in according to EPA protocol in OPS buildings prior to 1990.  Additional testing is needed to determine the radon concentration in newly remodeled or constructed buildings.  Anytime the ventilation patterns in a building are altered that change in air flow can affect the radon concentration requiring additional radon testing in those areas.  OPS Environmental staff has received training to satisfy the requirements of the Radon Measurement Proficiency Program. 

Cleaning Supplies

The Custodial Review Committee was formed to review all cleaning supplies used in the district, not only to judge the performance of the product but to review the toxicity.   Other departments within OPS provide support in the determination of the toxic qualities of these products to persons who could be exposed during the use of these supplies and the environmental impact.   Those products with acceptably low potentially harmful characteristics are approved for use in OPS buildings.   The Custodial Review Committee determined the use of bleach was no longer acceptable for cleaning use because of the potential exposure to chlorine gas should it be mixed with other products that could contain ammonia.  Unpleasant odors were also associated with bleach used in unacceptable concentrations.

 

 

Art/Science Chemicals

In addition to these measures, chemicals frequently used by students and staff during science or art projects have been scrutinized.  The art department no longer allows ceramic glazes to contain heavy metals.  The release of heavy metal fumes during kiln use was a concern even though all kilns are equipped with a fume collection system. 

Science chemical storage was standardized so that incompatible chemical families were no longer stored close to each other, reducing the potential for unwanted reactions.  At the same time, the Science Safety Manual was reviewed and all chemicals with an LD50 equal to or less than 200 parts per million (ppm) or are a known or suspect human carcinogen are required to be used by staff in a laboratory fume hood.   Chemicals with an Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 50 ppm or less must also be used in a hood.  American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Art/Science Chemicals, Limit Values and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Recommended Exposure Limits (REL) data are also used in this guideline. 

If students are required to use these chemicals as part of the curriculum, the instructor must submit a written plan to the lead science teacher detailing how the chemical is used and what measures were taken to find a less toxic substitute.

 

 

Natural Gas

If building occupants smell natural gas, the building administrator or appointed staff is to call the Metropolitan Utilities Company (MUD) immediately and evacuate the building.  Although OPS Environmental maintains instrumentation capable of detecting natural gas, no one employed by the district is properly trained to trace or repair leaks.

Cleaning Supplies

The Custodial Review Committee was formed to review all cleaning supplies used in the district, not only to judge the performance of the product but to review the toxicity.   Other departments within OPS provide support in the determination of the toxic qualities of these products to persons who could be exposed during the use of these supplies and the environmental impact.   Those products with acceptably low potentially harmful characteristics are approved for use in OPS buildings.   The Custodial Review Committee determined the use of bleach was no longer acceptable for cleaning use because of the potential exposure to chlorine gas should it be mixed with other products that could contain ammonia.  Unpleasant odors were also associated with bleach used in unacceptable concentrations.

 

 

Art/Science Chemicals

In addition to these measures, chemicals frequently used by students and staff during science or art projects have been scrutinized.  The art department no longer allows ceramic glazes to contain heavy metals.  The release of heavy metal fumes during kiln use was a concern even though all kilns are equipped with a fume collection system. 

Science chemical storage was standardized so that incompatible chemical families were no longer stored close to each other, reducing the potential for unwanted reactions.  At the same time, the Science Safety Manual was reviewed and all chemicals with an LD50 equal to or less than 200 parts per million (ppm) or are a known or suspect human carcinogen are required to be used by staff in a laboratory fume hood.   Chemicals with an Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 50 ppm or less must also be used in a hood.  American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Art/Science Chemicals, Limit Values and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Recommended Exposure Limits (REL) data are also used in this guideline. 

If students are required to use these chemicals as part of the curriculum, the instructor must submit a written plan to the lead science teacher detailing how the chemical is used and what measures were taken to find a less toxic substitute.

 

 

Natural Gas

If building occupants smell natural gas, the building administrator or appointed staff is to call the Metropolitan Utilities Company (MUD) immediately and evacuate the building.  Although OPS Environmental maintains instrumentation capable of detecting natural gas, no one employed by the district is properly trained to trace or repair leaks.

At any time a building can request IAQ baseline measurements to be collected.  Baseline readings include carbon dioxide, temperature, and relative humidity.  Depending upon the conditions noted at the time of baseline sampling, additional collections may be performed.  For example, if the presence of mold is suspect but cannot be found, mold spore sampling may be performed.  Sampling for the presence of carbon monoxide may also be warranted. 

Carbon Dioxide

The ASHRAE Ventilation Standard 62-1989 for the presence of carbon dioxide was 1000 ppm for several years.  At that time, the ASHRAE recommendation of 1000 ppm carbon dioxide was thought to indicate the air exchange rate in the building (replacement of the indoor air with outdoor/return air) was sufficient to prevent the accumulation of odors generated by humans, furnishings and building components.  Since the publication of the new ASHRAE Ventilation Standard 62-2001 that guideline has changed.  The average ambient air concentration of carbon dioxide has increased since the publication of the AHRAE 62-1989 Standard.  At present, ASHRAE recommends the concentration of carbon dioxide indoors not exceed 750 ppm above the outdoor concentration to account for fluctuations in the ambient air. ASHRAE Standards are guidelines, not an enforceable regulation unless incorporated by state or local codes.   

Carbon dioxide is a simple asphyxiate, that it is not toxic to humans but creates a hazard when concentrations are sufficient to displace oxygen.  Excessively high concentrations of carbon dioxide are needed to cause health problems.  Monitoring the concentration of carbon dioxide as a surrogate gas is an easy, reliable method of determining the efficiency of the ventilation system, especially adequate outdoor air intake.

Temperature and Relative Humidity

Temperature and relative humidity reflect very general conditions of the air.  Most indoor air quality complaints reflect ranges of temperature or relative humidity that are uncomfortable to occupants. Monitoring of these parameters is generally collected for a 7-day period.  Indoor temperature generally ranges from 68 to 74 degrees Farenheight.  Temperatures falling outside this range can be uncomfortably cool for sedentary activities or so warm the air actually feels “stuffy”.  Relative humidity is a function of ambient air temperature.  During the summer months air conditioning helps to maintain relative humidity to between 30 to 60 % to discourage mold growth.  Relative humidity outside of that range can feel either very drying to eyes and other mucous membranes or cause high temperatures to feel “clammy”.  

No OPS buildings are currently equipped with humidifiers.   Even though the relative humidity frequently falls below 30% during the winter months, the use of individual Indoor Air Quality Baseline Parameters humidifiers is discouraged.  When not properly cleaned and sanitized every day, humidifiers can become breeding grounds for bacteria which are then carried by the water mist, discharged into the air.  The EPA has published a fact sheet outlining proper maintenance procedures for humidifiers.  Chemical additives to the humidifier water are not encouraged as these chemicals are also discharged into the air and breathed by occupants.

Mold Spores

There are currently no regulations or guidelines established for acceptable concentrations of mold spores in indoor environments.  When sampling for mold spores is warranted the sampling strategy will include at a minimum, the complaint area, a non-complaint area (similar to the complaint area) and an outdoor sample collected near the outdoor air intake for the ventilation unit servicing the complaint area.  Interpretation of the data depends on the type of collection media used, the ambient conditions and the comparison of all samples collected.  Once mold remediation is performed, additional samples are collected to verify effectiveness.  (Refer to Appendix B).

OPS uses air-o-cell cassettes to collect mold spore samples.  Even though all mold spore collection methods have limitations, this method was felt to be more acceptable.  Collection methods that use agar media require several different types of agar to collect and grow all potential spores in the air.  Selection of the wrong type of agar can give results that are not at all reflective of the actual conditions. Also the subsequent handling of the sample is not as sensitive to heat and cold during shipment as agar collections.  Air-o-cell cassettes draw the air through a small slit past a sticky surface on which pollen, mold spores, and other airborne particulate settle onto the surface.  Analysis is performed by microscopic identification of the settled out particles. 

Carbon Monoxide

Occasionally the carbon monoxide level within a building may be elevated by improper firing of a gas appliance, a pocket of cold air in the flue trapping combustion gases or from the entrainment of vehicle exhaust.  The burning of any organic fuel source (wood, coal, etc.) can also create carbon monoxide.  Although the OSHA standard for carbon monoxide concentration is 50 ppm, toxicology data indicate people may develop headaches at levels as low as 3 ppm.  Anytime the presence of carbon monoxide is suspect, OPS Environmental or MUD can provide testing. 

Other Chemical Contaminates

With the lack of established parameters for chemicals found in typical school situations, OPS uses one tenth the OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) as a rough guideline for the determination of acceptability.  In addition, toxicology literature searches are performed.  Should toxicology data suggest a lower concentration is potentially harmful, that data will take priority over the OSHA PEL fraction.

The use of unnecessary chemicals is discouraged as the interaction of minute concentrations of different chemicals is suspected of creating new chemical compounds in the air.  For this reason use of air fresheners should be discouraged.  In addition, the use of air fresheners impedes odor investigations should complaints be issued.

Ozone

Ozone is a respiratory irritant that can be created by electrical equipment.  Usually the concentration created in this manner is not sufficient to cause problems.  However, certain types of air cleaners market themselves as “ozone” or “negative ion” producers.  Since ozone is a known respiratory irritant and accumulates at lower levels, there is a potential to create a hazardous situation.  The EPA website now carries a fact sheet warning of this problem.  

Mercury

Most mercury containing thermometers have been removed from OPS property by voluntary efforts made by the Nursing Staff and Science department.  Other sources of mercury such as mercury switches on older heating systems and mercury containing fluorescent tubes are replaced with non-mercury containing materials when taken out of service.  School science departments may submit a work order to pick up contaminated mercury.  All mercury is recycled by a licensed contractor.    

OPS Environmental provides mercury spill training for all incoming custodial staff and mercury spill kits are supplied to each school. Mercury will behave as a liquid and seek the lowest level possible.  It is critical to contain and properly clean a spill as soon as possible before it leaks into the floor.  Environmental does maintain a mercury vacuum and a direct read analyzer for mercury vapors for use in the event of a mercury spill larger than the mercury in one thermometer.

At any time a building can request IAQ baseline measurements to be collected.  Baseline readings include carbon dioxide, temperature, and relative humidity.  Depending upon the conditions noted at the time of baseline sampling, additional collections may be performed.  For example, if the presence of mold is suspect but cannot be found, mold spore sampling may be performed.  Sampling for the presence of carbon monoxide may also be warranted. 

Carbon Dioxide

The ASHRAE Ventilation Standard 62-1989 for the presence of carbon dioxide was 1000 ppm for several years.  At that time, the ASHRAE recommendation of 1000 ppm carbon dioxide was thought to indicate the air exchange rate in the building (replacement of the indoor air with outdoor/return air) was sufficient to prevent the accumulation of odors generated by humans, furnishings and building components.  Since the publication of the new ASHRAE Ventilation Standard 62-2001 that guideline has changed.  The average ambient air concentration of carbon dioxide has increased since the publication of the AHRAE 62-1989 Standard.  At present, ASHRAE recommends the concentration of carbon dioxide indoors not exceed 750 ppm above the outdoor concentration to account for fluctuations in the ambient air. ASHRAE Standards are guidelines, not an enforceable regulation unless incorporated by state or local codes.   

Carbon dioxide is a simple asphyxiate, that it is not toxic to humans but creates a hazard when concentrations are sufficient to displace oxygen.  Excessively high concentrations of carbon dioxide are needed to cause health problems.  Monitoring the concentration of carbon dioxide as a surrogate gas is an easy, reliable method of determining the efficiency of the ventilation system, especially adequate outdoor air intake.

Temperature and Relative Humidity

Temperature and relative humidity reflect very general conditions of the air.  Most indoor air quality complaints reflect ranges of temperature or relative humidity that are uncomfortable to occupants. Monitoring of these parameters is generally collected for a 7-day period.  Indoor temperature generally ranges from 68 to 74 degrees Farenheight.  Temperatures falling outside this range can be uncomfortably cool for sedentary activities or so warm the air actually feels “stuffy”.  Relative humidity is a function of ambient air temperature.  During the summer months air conditioning helps to maintain relative humidity to between 30 to 60 % to discourage mold growth.  Relative humidity outside of that range can feel either very drying to eyes and other mucous membranes or cause high temperatures to feel “clammy”.  

No OPS buildings are currently equipped with humidifiers.   Even though the relative humidity frequently falls below 30% during the winter months, the use of individual Indoor Air Quality Baseline Parameters humidifiers is discouraged.  When not properly cleaned and sanitized every day, humidifiers can become breeding grounds for bacteria which are then carried by the water mist, discharged into the air.  The EPA has published a fact sheet outlining proper maintenance procedures for humidifiers.  Chemical additives to the humidifier water are not encouraged as these chemicals are also discharged into the air and breathed by occupants.

Mold Spores

There are currently no regulations or guidelines established for acceptable concentrations of mold spores in indoor environments.  When sampling for mold spores is warranted the sampling strategy will include at a minimum, the complaint area, a non-complaint area (similar to the complaint area) and an outdoor sample collected near the outdoor air intake for the ventilation unit servicing the complaint area.  Interpretation of the data depends on the type of collection media used, the ambient conditions and the comparison of all samples collected.  Once mold remediation is performed, additional samples are collected to verify effectiveness.  (Refer to Appendix B).

OPS uses air-o-cell cassettes to collect mold spore samples.  Even though all mold spore collection methods have limitations, this method was felt to be more acceptable.  Collection methods that use agar media require several different types of agar to collect and grow all potential spores in the air.  Selection of the wrong type of agar can give results that are not at all reflective of the actual conditions. Also the subsequent handling of the sample is not as sensitive to heat and cold during shipment as agar collections.  Air-o-cell cassettes draw the air through a small slit past a sticky surface on which pollen, mold spores, and other airborne particulate settle onto the surface.  Analysis is performed by microscopic identification of the settled out particles. 

Carbon Monoxide

Occasionally the carbon monoxide level within a building may be elevated by improper firing of a gas appliance, a pocket of cold air in the flue trapping combustion gases or from the entrainment of vehicle exhaust.  The burning of any organic fuel source (wood, coal, etc.) can also create carbon monoxide.  Although the OSHA standard for carbon monoxide concentration is 50 ppm, toxicology data indicate people may develop headaches at levels as low as 3 ppm.  Anytime the presence of carbon monoxide is suspect, OPS Environmental or MUD can provide testing. 

Other Chemical Contaminates

With the lack of established parameters for chemicals found in typical school situations, OPS uses one tenth the OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) as a rough guideline for the determination of acceptability.  In addition, toxicology literature searches are performed.  Should toxicology data suggest a lower concentration is potentially harmful, that data will take priority over the OSHA PEL fraction.

The use of unnecessary chemicals is discouraged as the interaction of minute concentrations of different chemicals is suspected of creating new chemical compounds in the air.  For this reason use of air fresheners should be discouraged.  In addition, the use of air fresheners impedes odor investigations should complaints be issued.

Ozone

Ozone is a respiratory irritant that can be created by electrical equipment.  Usually the concentration created in this manner is not sufficient to cause problems.  However, certain types of air cleaners market themselves as “ozone” or “negative ion” producers.  Since ozone is a known respiratory irritant and accumulates at lower levels, there is a potential to create a hazardous situation.  The EPA website now carries a fact sheet warning of this problem.  

Mercury

Most mercury containing thermometers have been removed from OPS property by voluntary efforts made by the Nursing Staff and Science department.  Other sources of mercury such as mercury switches on older heating systems and mercury containing fluorescent tubes are replaced with non-mercury containing materials when taken out of service.  School science departments may submit a work order to pick up contaminated mercury.  All mercury is recycled by a licensed contractor.    

OPS Environmental provides mercury spill training for all incoming custodial staff and mercury spill kits are supplied to each school. Mercury will behave as a liquid and seek the lowest level possible.  It is critical to contain and properly clean a spill as soon as possible before it leaks into the floor.  Environmental does maintain a mercury vacuum and a direct read analyzer for mercury vapors for use in the event of a mercury spill larger than the mercury in one thermometer.

Portable classroom buildings share many of the same concerns as a traditional building but also have some special considerations.  Moisture control is the single most important issue.  Portable classrooms have their own plumbing system, restrooms, sinks, water fountains, and hot water heaters, all of which can leak and be absorbed by the wood substrate beneath the finished floor surface.   Hard surface areas have been installed in all portable restrooms and around sink and drinking fountains.   Care must be taken to drain water, including downspouts, away from the portable.

Also, these buildings are often poorly insulated between walls causing cold bridges creating condensation points.  Moving the portables has also created unintentional migration points for air leaks between the interior and exterior of the building that can lead to condensation. 

 

Portables are many times moved onto grounds covered with vegetation.  If the vegetation is not removed prior to enclosing the space beneath the building with “skirting” methane gas created by the decay of grass and weeds may be drawn into the portable.  Methane is a natural by-product of all decaying plants and animals.  It does carry an odor but is not a health or safety issue except in extremely high concentrations relation to petroleum product production or some agricultural situations.  Venting the space under the portable by creating a cross-ventilation flow and obstructing water from pooling helps resolve this issue.  Plumbing lines are susceptible to freezing and need to be protected with heat tape.

The HVAC units offer both heating and cooling.  The position of the outdoor air intakes on these units is often found to be minimal.  OPS staff has found and reset many of these dampers

Portable classroom buildings share many of the same concerns as a traditional building but also have some special considerations.  Moisture control is the single most important issue.  Portable classrooms have their own plumbing system, restrooms, sinks, water fountains, and hot water heaters, all of which can leak and be absorbed by the wood substrate beneath the finished floor surface.   Hard surface areas have been installed in all portable restrooms and around sink and drinking fountains.   Care must be taken to drain water, including downspouts, away from the portable.

Also, these buildings are often poorly insulated between walls causing cold bridges creating condensation points.  Moving the portables has also created unintentional migration points for air leaks between the interior and exterior of the building that can lead to condensation. 

 

Portables are many times moved onto grounds covered with vegetation.  If the vegetation is not removed prior to enclosing the space beneath the building with “skirting” methane gas created by the decay of grass and weeds may be drawn into the portable.  Methane is a natural by-product of all decaying plants and animals.  It does carry an odor but is not a health or safety issue except in extremely high concentrations relation to petroleum product production or some agricultural situations.  Venting the space under the portable by creating a cross-ventilation flow and obstructing water from pooling helps resolve this issue.  Plumbing lines are susceptible to freezing and need to be protected with heat tape.

The HVAC units offer both heating and cooling.  The position of the outdoor air intakes on these units is often found to be minimal.  OPS staff has found and reset many of these dampers

IAQ concerns or complaints are to be filed with OPS Environmental either by submitting the request via the intranet work order system or by calling any member of Environmental at 557-2800.  The concern may be handled by in-house staff following the guidelines in this program or may be contracted to a consulting firm.  Single event episodes are usually very difficult to diagnose since the conditions may no longer exist at the time of investigation. 

Information regarding recurring problems is very beneficial in determining possible sources of the problem.   The following information should be collected and saved.

• Time

• Date

• Location in the building the problem occurred

• Number of people affected by the problem

• If medical attention was sought as a result, contact Risk Management

• Smell if applicable

• Ongoing activities at the time of the episode

• Any recent changes to the building/room     

Other information can also be helpful such as:

• HVAC settings at the time, especially outdoor air intake

• Weather condition including wind direction

OPS Environmental staff will interview staff members and collect additional information when responding to indoor air quality concerns.   A copy of the IAQ form used by OPS Environmental to collect information is found in Appendix C.

IAQ concerns or complaints are to be filed with OPS Environmental either by submitting the request via the intranet work order system or by calling any member of Environmental at 557-2800.  The concern may be handled by in-house staff following the guidelines in this program or may be contracted to a consulting firm.  Single event episodes are usually very difficult to diagnose since the conditions may no longer exist at the time of investigation. 

Information regarding recurring problems is very beneficial in determining possible sources of the problem.   The following information should be collected and saved.

• Time

• Date

• Location in the building the problem occurred

• Number of people affected by the problem

• If medical attention was sought as a result, contact Risk Management

• Smell if applicable

• Ongoing activities at the time of the episode

• Any recent changes to the building/room     

Other information can also be helpful such as:

• HVAC settings at the time, especially outdoor air intake

• Weather condition including wind direction

OPS Environmental staff will interview staff members and collect additional information when responding to indoor air quality concerns.   A copy of the IAQ form used by OPS Environmental to collect information is found in Appendix C.

Schoolhouse Planning

• Specify the use of low and no VOC emitting compounds in paints, stains, glues, adhesives, and mastics.  
• Limited use of particle board or other products that could off-gas formaldehyde—not too common now.
• Encourage architects to use “green” products.
• Direct architects and mechanical engineers to comply with ASHRAE ventilation standards—particularly ventilation rates and humidity control.
• Preference to perform remodeling in unoccupied buildings.   If the building is to remain occupied during remodeling, sufficient dust barriers will be constructed to isolate the work area from the remaining occupants.  Hard surface (plywood), lockable door, poly and duct tape seal possibly sandwiched with another plywood wall.  Consider requiring negative pressure during times when fumes, odors or vapors could migrate into occupied areas.   
• Design wet areas without carpet around sinks and water fountains 

Maintenance

• Painters and carpenters—use of low or no VOC emitting products.
• Keep cooling set-backs to levels capable of maintaining relative humidity to levels that can prevent mold growth.
• Notification to buildings prior to painting projects in occupied areas.  MSDS submitted with notification with an explanation of possible problems based on that information.  Whenever possible, painting should be done during unoccupied times.
• Use of Integrated Pest Management plan—emphasis on bait and hormone traps in lieu of spraying.  Spraying is to be done during unoccupied times only. 

Operations

• More instruction on the proper maintenance of HVAC systems—location of all filters and strict adherence to filter changing schedules.
• Prompt notification when the HVAC system is not working properly or complaints/concerns are received.
• Prompt notification when moisture problems are encountered

Building Administrators/Staff

• Support training for staff to look for possible unfavorably influences on IAQ including asthma triggers.
• Forbid the use of cooking appliances in classrooms.
• Do not allow storage of food in classrooms not in airtight sealed containers
• Candy dishes are to be filled with individually wrapped pieces or completely covered.
• Limit the amount of paper and stacks of books---obstacle to proper cleaning.
• If pets are allowed in classrooms, determine if any children are asthmatic and could be triggered by the dander, and make sure teachers know not to place the animal cage close to ventilation supply or return vents.
• Discourage the use of air fresheners.

Nursing Staff

• Record illnesses that could be related to IAQ—headaches, nausea, asthma.
• Asthma attacks, use of inhalers recorded annually to determine effectiveness of IAQ program.  Continue to administer epinephrine pen program pioneered by OPS School Nurses: all schools have at least one Epi-pen and personnel trained in administering its use.  

Environmental

• Respond to indoor air quality concerns and provide remediation of the source.
• Continue to actively look for potential IAQ concerns when in buildings to address other issues.
• Provide technical support and education to other OPS staff on IAQ and environmental issues.
• Continue educational opportunities to keep current with remediation techniques and potential hazardous materials.
• Review and upgrade the OPS IAQ Program no less than every three years
• Share information concerning IAQ is shared with building engineers and custodians through the Green Sheet publication sent out at least monthly.  Principals also receive a copy of the Green Sheet.   School Nurses’ can be reached through their weekly newsletter through their supervisor.
• Present information and provide training opportunities to building engineers and custodians through the annual in-service held each spring break

Schoolhouse Planning

• Specify the use of low and no VOC emitting compounds in paints, stains, glues, adhesives, and mastics.  
• Limited use of particle board or other products that could off-gas formaldehyde—not too common now.
• Encourage architects to use “green” products.
• Direct architects and mechanical engineers to comply with ASHRAE ventilation standards—particularly ventilation rates and humidity control.
• Preference to perform remodeling in unoccupied buildings.   If the building is to remain occupied during remodeling, sufficient dust barriers will be constructed to isolate the work area from the remaining occupants.  Hard surface (plywood), lockable door, poly and duct tape seal possibly sandwiched with another plywood wall.  Consider requiring negative pressure during times when fumes, odors or vapors could migrate into occupied areas.   
• Design wet areas without carpet around sinks and water fountains 

Maintenance

• Painters and carpenters—use of low or no VOC emitting products.
• Keep cooling set-backs to levels capable of maintaining relative humidity to levels that can prevent mold growth.
• Notification to buildings prior to painting projects in occupied areas.  MSDS submitted with notification with an explanation of possible problems based on that information.  Whenever possible, painting should be done during unoccupied times.
• Use of Integrated Pest Management plan—emphasis on bait and hormone traps in lieu of spraying.  Spraying is to be done during unoccupied times only. 

Operations

• More instruction on the proper maintenance of HVAC systems—location of all filters and strict adherence to filter changing schedules.
• Prompt notification when the HVAC system is not working properly or complaints/concerns are received.
• Prompt notification when moisture problems are encountered

Building Administrators/Staff

• Support training for staff to look for possible unfavorably influences on IAQ including asthma triggers.
• Forbid the use of cooking appliances in classrooms.
• Do not allow storage of food in classrooms not in airtight sealed containers
• Candy dishes are to be filled with individually wrapped pieces or completely covered.
• Limit the amount of paper and stacks of books---obstacle to proper cleaning.
• If pets are allowed in classrooms, determine if any children are asthmatic and could be triggered by the dander, and make sure teachers know not to place the animal cage close to ventilation supply or return vents.
• Discourage the use of air fresheners.

Nursing Staff

• Record illnesses that could be related to IAQ—headaches, nausea, asthma.
• Asthma attacks, use of inhalers recorded annually to determine effectiveness of IAQ program.  Continue to administer epinephrine pen program pioneered by OPS School Nurses: all schools have at least one Epi-pen and personnel trained in administering its use.  

Environmental

• Respond to indoor air quality concerns and provide remediation of the source.
• Continue to actively look for potential IAQ concerns when in buildings to address other issues.
• Provide technical support and education to other OPS staff on IAQ and environmental issues.
• Continue educational opportunities to keep current with remediation techniques and potential hazardous materials.
• Review and upgrade the OPS IAQ Program no less than every three years
• Share information concerning IAQ is shared with building engineers and custodians through the Green Sheet publication sent out at least monthly.  Principals also receive a copy of the Green Sheet.   School Nurses’ can be reached through their weekly newsletter through their supervisor.
• Present information and provide training opportunities to building engineers and custodians through the annual in-service held each spring break